LATE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD

Dynasty 0 (Terminal Nagada): 3250-3050

ARCHAIC PERIOD
(a.k.a. EARLY DYNASTIC)

Dynasty I: 3050-2857

Dynasty II: 2857-2705

OLD KINGDOM

Dynasty III: 2705-2630

Dynasty IV: 2630-2524

Dynasty V: 2524 2400

Dynasty VI: 2400-2250?

Dynasty VII: 2250?-2230

Dynasty VIII: 2230-2213

The attribution of the nomens Imhotep and Iti (from graffiti in the Wadi Hammamat) is very uncertain. Neferkaure is generally identified with Horus Kha[bau?] and Neferirkare II with Horus Demedjibtawy of the Coptus Decrees, but this is uncertain. Horus Netjeribau definitely is Neferkauhor.

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

Dynasty IX: 2213-ca. 2175

Dynasty X: ca. 2175-ca. 2035

Fourteen Heracleopolitans who ruled the north and fought the Thebans of contemporary Dynasty XI until defeated by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II between 2047 and 2022. Six kings are attested in contemporary sources:

Dynasty XI: 2134-1991

In many traditional chronologies, Theban Dynasty XI is included in the Middle Kingdom, not the First Intermediate Period. However, in recent times this notion has been revised among certain Egyptologists. The dynasty existed about 143 years, of which 99 years were spent in a state of civil war with the kingdom divided and only 44 years with the kindom united in relative peace. Importantly, those final 44 years were a period of political consolidation and nation-building, which only came to fruition at the beginning of Dynasty XII. It is unjustifiable then to consider Dynasty XI as the start of the Middle Kingdom.

MIDDLE KINGDOM

Dynasty XII: 1991-1784

Dynasty XIII: 1784-1668

The following kings probably date to the last 25 years of Dynasty XIII. Their sequence is uncertain:

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

Dynasty XIV: 1720-1665

Perhaps as many as 76 kings who ruled in Xois in the Delta. Only one is attested in contemporary sources. He reigned less than one year and left his name on two monuments at Avaris in the Delta:

The other kings names are recorded in subsequent Egyptian lists. Reliable dates cannot be established for them. Was Dynasty XIV a catch-all for a number of small Delta principalities?

Dynasty XV: 1668-1560

The Hyksos--invaders of apparent North Syrian origin and arriving from Palestine--established their capital at Avaris and maintained direct rule over much of northern Egypt and loose suzerainty over Asiatic and Egyptian vassals (including the Thebans of most of Dynasty XVII) in the rest of the country. Earlier rulers identified in later lists and undatable scarabs include:

The following Hyksos rulers are attested on contemporary monuments:

Dynasty XVI: 1665-1565

Hyksos vassals in Lower and Middle Egypt concurrent with Dynasties XV and XVII. All contemporary attestations are on scarabs; none can be dated precisely. Some bear Egyptian names; many have clearly Semitic names:

Dynasty XVII: 1668-1570

Current usage restricts this dynasty to the Theban contemporaries of the Hyksos (Manetho included other Hyksos vassals). They ruled as far as Abydos and had extended their domain to Cusae under Ta 'o II, then to the head of the Delta under Kamose. Almost all are attested in contemporary sources:

NEW KINGDOM

Dynasty XVIII: 1570-1293

Dynasty XIX: 1293-1185

Dynasty XX: 1185-1070

THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD

Dynasty XXI: 1070-946

(a) Kings in Tanis:

(b) Rulers in Thebes (HP = High Priest of Amun; K = King):

Dynasty XXII: 946-712

Libyan kings ruling in Tanis and Bubastis, recognized in all of Egypt until 828, when a rival Libyan dynasty arose in Thebes. In 814 another rival dynasty arose in Leontopolis in the Delta. Dynasty XXII was still recognized in Memphis and parts of the Delta until 735 and intermittently in Thebes until 787/783.

High Priests of Amun at Thebes

In a unique power-sharing arrangement between the royal government and the temple hierarchy, the High Priests of Amun were often appointed from among the royal princes of Dynasties XXI and XXII (until the Thebans established their own Dynasty XXIII in 828). The high priests were the virtual rulers of Thebes, usually autonomous of the royal government in the Delta. While many high priests took on the outward trappings of kingship, most apparently recognized the Egyptian king as a nominal overlord; (n.b., "s." = "son of"):

Dynasty XXIII (Thebes): 828-765?

In its earlier years, this dynasty held Thebes only intermittently and presumably had a safer headquarters to the south; after 787, Dynasty XXII is no longer attested at Thebes. See HP, below, for details. By the time of Osorkon III, this dynasty ruled as far north as Heracleopolis.

The High Priests of Amun of this dynasty were:

Dynasty XXIII (Leontopolis): 814-730?

Dynasty XXIII (Hermopolis): 760-665?

Dynasty XXIII (Heracleopolis): 740-665?

Dynasty XXIII (Tanis): 710?-665?

This is Manetho's Dynasty XXIII, which rules at Tanis between the end of Dynasty XXII and the rise of Dynasty XXVI under Psammetichus I. The following kings attested archaeologically at Tanis seem to belong to this group (sequence unknown):

Dynasty XXV (Kushite Era): 767-656

Nubian kings from Kush contemporary with (and more or less effective overlords of) the petty kings of Dynasties XXII-XXIV. Manetho includes only those who were recognized in Memphis; we add those who were recognized in Thebes. Kashta's rule in Nubia might have begun earlier, and that of Tanwetamani ended later than the dates indicated here.

Dynasty XXIV: ca. 760-685

A Libyan dynasty of "Great Chiefs of the West" (abbr. GCW), some of whom assumed the title of "King" (abbr. K); contemporary with Kushite Dynasty XXV. After considerable vicissitudes (including falling to the Kushites), members of this family finally managed (with Assyrian help) to displace the Nubians as rulers of Egypt and develop into Dynasty XXVI:

LATE PERIOD

Dynasty XXVI (Saite Era): 685-525

Dynasty XXVII (First Persian Domination): 525-332

In Marea (West of Alexandria):

In Sais:

Dynasty XXVIII: 405-399

In this period the Persians were first expelled from Egypt .

Dynasty XXIX: 399-380

Dynasty XXX: 380-343

Dynasty XXXI (Second Persian Domination): 343-332

Egypt was invaded again and reconquered by the Persians, although at times, they could not fully dominate the entire country.

An Egyptian king (of possibly Nubian origin) briefly controlled most of Egypt during the Persian Dynasty XXXI. He was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt:

GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD

Macedonian Dynasty: 332-304

Three kings consisting of Alexander the Great, his half-brother, and his son--they never resided in Egypt but governed from Babylon, the capital of Alexander's Macedonian Empire. Alexander was said to have been buried in Alexandria, Egypt. In this period, Egypt was directly administered by the satrap, Ptolemy Lagos, the friend of Alexander who later proclaimed himself king of Egypt.

Ptolemaic Era: 304-30

Dynasty founded by Ptolemy Lagos with its capital at Alexandria. It consisted of 19 kings and queens-regnant, all of pure Macedonian origin; characterized by frequent intermarriage between the king and his sister, often with the queen or queen-mother as coregent ruling with the king. Overweaning ambition and greed in the royal family was the cause of frequent palace coups and assasinations, with kings and despots frequently losing and regaining the throne (all of which tends to confuse the chronology).

Roman Era: 30 B.C. - A.D. 395

Egypt was a consular province of the Roman Empire administered in the name of the Roman emperor by a succession of imperial prefects. They were appointed by the emperor and reported directly to him by-passing the Roman Senate. In Egyptian art, religion and iconography, the Roman emperor assumed the traditional role of pharaoh.

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